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26 July 2021: Clinical Research

Saliva pH and Flow Rate in Patients with Periodontal Disease and Associated Cardiovascular Disease

Pompilia Camelia Lăzureanu 1ABDEF , Florina Popescu 2ADEF** , Anca Tudor 3ACDE* , Laura Stef 4BD , Alina Gabriela Negru 5D , Romeo Mihăilă 6ADEF

DOI: 10.12659/MSM.931362

Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e931362

Table 1 Periodontal status and oral healthcare habits in the study group.

VariablePeriodontal diseasepsign
Without (n=53)Stage I (n=44)Stage II (n=35)Stage III and IV (n=23)
Age (years)54.26±16.2367.86±9.7569.00±12.5574.30±5.46a
Age groups25–4919 (90.5%)1 (4.8%)1 (4.8%)0 (0.0%)b
50–7025 (32.9%)25 (32.9%)20 (26.3%)6 (7.9%)
Above 709 (15.5%)18 (31.0%)14 (24.1%)17 (29.3%)
BMI25.24±3.7825.49±3.8927.61±4.2328.87±3.18a
GenderMen31 (39.7%)21 (26.9%)18 (23.1%)8 (10.3%)0.287b
Women22 (28.6%)23 (29.9%)17 (22.1%)15 (19.5%)
BackgroundUrban38 (37.6%)29 (28.7%)18 (17.8%)16 (15.8%)0.250b
Rural15 (27.8%)15 (27.8%)17 (31.5%)7 (1.0%)
EducationNo education4 (9.5%)17 (40.5%)12 (28.6%)9 (21.4%)b
Elementary15 (25.0%)17 (28.3%)16 (26.7%)12 (20.0%)
Higher34 (64.2%)10 (18.9%)7 (13.2%)2 (3.8%)
Physical exercise levelSedentary34 (31.5%)31 (28.7%)26 (24.1%)17 (15.7%)0.802b
1–3 hours/week18 (40.0%)13 (28.9%)8 (17.8%)6 (13.3%)
Daily1 (50.0%)0 (0.0%)1 (50.0%)0 (0.0%)
Alcohol consumptionYes12 (41.4%)6 (20.7%)7 (24.1%)4 (13.8%)0.718b
SmokingYes20 (29.4%)18 (26.5%)17 (0.2%)13 (19.1%)0.428b
CoffeeYes23 (32.9%)21 (0.3%)16 (22.9%)10 (14.3%)0.975b
Cardiovascular diseaseYes29 (23.8%)38 (31.1%)32 (26.2%)23 (18.9%)b
No24 (72.7%)6 (18.2%)3 (9.1%)0 (0.0%)
Oral healthcare habits
Visits to the dentistNever7 (21.9%)11 (34.4%)7 (21.9%)7 (21.9%)0.196b
When needed23 (29.9%)23 (29.9%)20 (0.26%)11 (14.3%)
1/year20 (50.0%)7 (17.5%)8 (0.2%)5 (12.5%)
2/year2 (40.0%)3 (60.0%)0 (0.0%)0 (0.0%)
ScalingNever20 (20.2%)23 (23.2%)25 (25.3%)31 (31.3%)0.003b
1/year24 (50.0%)10 (20.8%)11 (22.9%)3 (6.3%)
2/year3 (50.0%)2 (33.3%)1 (16.7%)0 (0.0%)
Dental brushingRarely1 (33.3%)0 (0.0%)1 (33.3%)1 (33.3%)0.342b
1/day15 (24.6%)21 (34.4%)15 (24.6%)10 (16.4%)
2/day37 (40.7%)23 (25.3%)19 (20.9%)12 (13.2%)
MouthwashYes23 (52.3%)12 (27.3%)6 (13.6%)3 (6.8%)0.002b
Dental flossYes20 (51.3%)10 (25.6%)7 (17.9%)2 (5.1%)0.005b
Oral health examination
Probing depthmm1.64±1.163.05±1.14±1.263.87±2.62a
Bleeding on probingYes18 (17.6%)35 (34.3%)31 (30.4%)18 (17.6%)b
Clinical attachment lossmm0.11±0.611.55±0.763.43±0.74.13±2.05a
Dental absenceNumber of absent teeth3.11±2.332.91±2.383.77±2.6114.87±11.29a
OHI-S scoreGood (0–0.6)35 (61.4%)16 (28.1%)1 (1.8%)5 (8.8%)b
Fair (0.7–1.8)19 (27.5%)31 (44.9%)16 (23.2%)3 (4.3%)
Poor (1.9–3)2 (4.1%)6 (12.2%)26 (53.1%)15 (30.6%)
a Kruskal-Wallis test;
b chi-squared test.
* Significant difference.

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Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750
Medical Science Monitor eISSN: 1643-3750