23 May 2021: Clinical Research
Risk Factors Associated with All-Cause Death Among Dialysis Patients with Diabetes
Anna Grzywacz ABCDEFG* , Arkadiusz Lubas ACDE , Jerzy Smoszna AD , Stanisław Niemczyk ADGDOI: 10.12659/MSM.930152
Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930152
Table 1 Characteristics of study participants.
| Deceased (n=23) | Surviving (n =77) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (Male/Female) | 15 (65.3%)/8 (34.7%) | 59 (76.6%)/18 (23.4%) | 0.980** |
| Age (years) | 66.8±10.3 | 65.0 (15.0) | 0.320* |
| Type of RRT (HD/PD) | 17 (73.9%)/6 (26.1%) | 59 (76.6%)/18 (23.4%) | 0.789** |
| Type of diabetes (type1/type2) | 5 (21.7%)/18 (78.3%) | 12 (15.6%)/6 (84.4%) | 0.870** |
| Number of hospitalizations | 1.0 (2.0) | 0.0 (1.0) | * |
| Insulin therapy | 22 (95.7%) | 90 (90.9%) | 0.462** |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 25.9±12.9 | 20.0±15.0 | 0.136* |
| Duration of CKD (years) | 8.0 (5.0) | 5.0 (7.0) | 0.078* |
| Duration of RRT (months) | 34.0±21.5 | 22.0 (38.5) | 0.282* |
| Body mass index (kg/m) | 29.0 (7.0) | 29.3 (8.1) | 0.928* |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 107.5±14.7 | 106.0 (21.0) | 0.844* |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 101.0 (16.0) | 102.0 (11.0) | 0.491* |
| Waist/hip ratio | 1.02±0.09 | 1.03±0.11 | 0.485 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142.3±22.3 | 142.3±18.3 | 0.990 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.8±13.4 | 75.7±15.2 | 0.775 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 70.3±13.0 | 73.2±9.2 | 0.229 |
| Residual diuresis (mL/24h) | 807.0±600.0 | 800.0 (1000.0) | 0.597* |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 3.80±0.38 | 3.80 (0.50) | 0.870* |
| Serum total protein (g/dL) | 6.60±0.70 | 6.60 (0.60) | 0.830* |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.38±1.53 | 6.50 (1.40) | * |
| Hgb (g/dL) | 10.98±1.50 | 10.98±1.27 | 0.995 |
| Fructosamine (μmol/L) | 373.3±79.6 | 321.0 (89.0) | * |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.6 (1.4) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.951* |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.3±55.2 | 144.0 (49.0) | 0.237* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 145.0 (110.0) | 134.0 (105.0) | 0.664* |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 39.0 (14.0) | 43.0 (15.0) | 0.285* |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 102.9±49.1 | 83.0 (37.0) | 0.312* |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 16 (69.57%) | 49 (63.64%) | 0.600** |
| Diabetic nephrtopathy | 21 (91.30%) | 65 (84.45%) | 0.403** |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 16 (69.56%) | 48 (62.34%) | 0.526** |
| Coronary artery disease or MI | 14 (60.87%) | 42 (54.55%) | 0.592** |
| Stroke or TIA | 9 (39.13%) | 13 (16.88%) | ** |
| Diabetic foot syndrome | 8 (34.78%) | 23 (29.87%) | 0.655** |
| Amputation | 3 (13.04%) | 12 (15.58%) | 1.000# |
| Regular physical activity | 4 (17.39%) | 30 (39.47%) | |
| Tobacco smoking currently | 4 (17.39%) | 7 (9.09%) | 0.271# |
| Tobacco smoking in the past | 17 (73.91%) | 48 (62.33%) | 0.369** |
| Duration of tobacco smoking (years) | 26.0 (33.0) | 10.0 (30.0) | * |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (points) | 9.0±1.8 | 8.0 (3.0) | * |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (%) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (2.0) | * |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (points) | 28.0 (3.0) | 27.0 (3.0) | 0.862* |
| CKD – chronic kidney disease; HD – hemodialysis; Hgb – hemoglobin; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; LDL – low-density lipoprotein; MI – myocardial infarction; PD – peritoneal dialysis; TIA – transient ischemic attack; RRT – renal replacement therapy. * Mann-Witney U test; ** Chi-squared test; # Fisher’s exact test. The results were presented as mean values with standard deviation (±SD) in parametric variables, median with interquartile range (IQR) in non-parametric variables, and percentages. | |||