08 August 2020: Clinical Research
Protective Effect of Probiotics against Esophagogastric Variceal Rebleeding in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis after Endoscopic Therapy
Qun Zhang 1CDE , Fangyuan Gao 1CD , Xue Yang 1D , Ying Hu 1D , Yao Liu 1CD , Yixin Hou 1D , Yuxin Li 1D , Bingbing Zhu 2B , Shuaishuai Niu 1BF , Yunyi Huang 3B , Xianbo Wang 1ADG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.924040
Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924040
Table 1 Baseline characteristics.
| Variables | Total (n=704) | Rebleeding group (n=356) | Non-rebleeding group (n=348) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.0 (45.0–59.0) | 51.5 (45.0–58.0) | 52.0 (44.0–60.0) | 0.955 |
| Sex (Male/Female) | 496/208 | 250/106 | 246/102 | 0.892 |
| Etiology (HBV/HCV/Alcohol/Alcohol+HBV/Other) | 344/63/130/53/114 | 147/34/78/36/61 | 197/29/52/17/53 | |
| Comorbidity index (0/1/≥2) | 489/157/58 | 234/86/36 | 255/71/22 | 0.228 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy (yes/no) | 90/614 | 52/304 | 38/310 | 0.143 |
| Bacterial infection (yes/no) | 388/316 | 205/151 | 183/165 | 0.183 |
| Previous variceal bleeding (yes/no) | 253/451 | 130/226 | 123/235 | 0.746 |
| Location of varices (esophageal/gastric/esophageal and gastric) | 130/17/557 | 57/10/289 | 73/7/268 | 0.202 |
| Child-Pugh class (A/B/C) | 164/443/97 | 73/222/61 | 91/221/36 | |
| MELD score | 10.0 (9.0–13.0) | 11.0 (9.0–14.0) | 10.0 (9.0–12.0) | 0.005 |
| ALT (U/L) | 25.5 (18.0–39.0) | 25.5 (17.7–39.1) | 25.1 (18.1–38.9) | 0.896 |
| AST (U/L) | 31.7 (22.3–48.1) | 32.9 (22.8–50.4) | 30.5 (22.1–46.9) | 0.282 |
| TBIL (μmol/L) | 20.0 (13.3–31.0) | 20.5 (13.0–33.1) | 19.7 (13.6–29.9) | 0.400 |
| GGT (U/L) | 26.5 (15.3–58.7) | 30.6 (16.6–70.9) | 24.1 (13.7–48.7) | 0.001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 30.0±5.8 | 29.8±5.7 | 30.2±5.8 | 0.345 |
| CREA (μmol/L) | 65.0 (53.3–77.6) | 65.8 (54.0–77.6) | 64.3 (52.1–77.6) | 0.474 |
| GLU (mmol/L) | 8.4 (6.7–11.2) | 8.9 (6.9–11.7) | 8.0 (6.4–10.3) | |
| WBC (×10/L) | 4.3 (2.9–6.5) | 4.5 (3.0–6.7) | 4.0 (2.8–6.5) | 0.126 |
| NLR | 4.0 (2.7–6.4) | 4.2 (2.7–7.1) | 3.8 (2.6–5.8) | 0.029 |
| HGB (g/L) | 79.2 (62.2–95.2) | 78.2 (62.7–94.0) | 79.8 (62.1–97.0) | 0.607 |
| PLT (×10/L) | 59.5 (44.0–79.5) | 59.7 (43.4–78.7) | 59.5 (44.1–81.0) | 0.586 |
| INR | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | 0.001 |
| Secondary prophylaxis (yes/no)* | 656 (93.2) | 324 (91.0) | 332 (95.4) | 0.021 |
| HBV – hepatitis B virus; HCV – hepatitis C virus; MELD – model for end-stage liver disease; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL – total bilirubin; GGT-γ – glutamyl transferase; ALB – albumin; CREA – creatinine; GLU – glucose; WBC– white blood cell; NLR– neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; HGB – hemoglobin; PLT– platelet; INR– international normalized ratio. * Secondary prophylaxis included endoscopic treatment (variceal ligation therapy or sclerotherapy) and/or nonselective beta-blockers. Data are presented as number, mean±SD, or median (IQR). | ||||