27 July 2019 : Animal Research
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) Promotes Recruitment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) via CXCR4 Signaling Pathway to Improve Bone Defect Repair
Rongfeng Zhang1BDF, Jianwei Liu2CE, Shengpeng Yu1BD, Dong Sun1AF, Xiaohua Wang1CF, Jingshu Fu1AD, Jie Shen1BE, Zhao Xie1ACG*DOI: 10.12659/MSM.916838
Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:5572-5579
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using osteoprotegerin (OPG) to treat bone defects mediated by endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) recruitment and migration through the CXCR4 signaling pathway.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The EPCs extracted from human peripheral blood were cultured in vitro and the expression of CXCR4 and its downstream p-AKT was monitored by the Western blot analysis after OPG treatment. Using the scratch wound healing test and Transwell assay, we assessed the variables influencing the effect of OPG on EPCs after pre-treatment with CXCR4 blocker (AMD3100) and PI3K blocker (Ly294002). After 4 weeks, the bone defect repair condition was estimated via micro-CT and staining with HE and Masson trichrome. Then, immunofluorescence staining was performed to assess angiogenesis in bone defects, while the expression of EPC marker and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was detected by immunohistochemical staining.
RESULTS: The EPCs treated with OPG had increased levels of CXCR4 and p-AKT. Moreover, the difference in EPC levels among groups in the scratch wound healing experiment and migration experiment indicated that the OPG treatment promoted cell migration and AMD3100 and LY294002 inhibited the function of OPG. In addition, OPG promoted angiogenesis and repair of bone defect in rats, and these effects were abolished by AMD3100 and LY294002 administration.
CONCLUSIONS: OPG enhanced the proliferation and migration of EPCs through the CXCR4 pathway and promoted angiogenesis and bone formation at bone defect sites.
Keywords: Angiogenesis Inducing Agents, Osteoprotegerin, Benzylamines, Bone Regeneration, Bone and Bones, Cyclams, endothelial progenitor cells, Heterocyclic Compounds, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Stem Cells, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
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