Abstract

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide. The natural flavonoid diosmetin has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer effects. This study aimed to investigate the anti-breast cancer effects of diosmetin on MDA-MB-231 cells and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of cell apoptosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: The MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with diosmetin for 24 h. Then, cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage were detected using CCK-8 and LDH assay kits, respectively. Inverted fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cell apoptosis and cell cycle were determined by flow cytometry. The expressions of apoptosis and cell cycle-related genes were determined by Western blotting and qRT-PCR.

RESULTS: The results revealed that diosmetin exerts significant cytotoxic effects on MDA-MB-231 cells, as indicated by decreased cell viability, increased intracellular ROS accumulation and LDH release, as well as cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Moreover, diosmetin treatment significantly downregulated the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Cyclin D1, and upregulated that of p53, Bax, caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, and cleaved caspase 3.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that diosmetin has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activities against MDA-MB-231 cells via cell cycle arrest and the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Our results extend the understanding of the anti-tumor mechanism of diosmetin and suggest that it may be of use as an active natural agent for the prevention or treatment of human breast cancer.

Keywords: Apoptosis, Breast Neoplasms, Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Reactive Oxygen Species, Cell Cycle, Cell Proliferation, Cell Survival, Cytochromes c, Flavonoids, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Mitochondria, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Signal Transduction, bcl-2-Associated X Protein