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05 October 2015 : Case report  USA

A Rare Mechanism of Hyponatremia in HIV Disease

Unusual clinical course, Challenging differential diagnosis, Educational Purpose (only if useful for a systematic review or synthesis)

Hector MadariagaEF, Aswini KumarE, Apurv KhannaABCDEF

DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.894299

Am J Case Rep 2015; 16:707-710

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is the most common disorder of body fluid and electrolyte balance in clinical practice. It is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. Little is known about the relationship between hyponatremia and HIV disease. It is thought that hyponatremia in HIV is associated with a syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), volume depletion, and adrenal insufficiency. Another common association is with Pneumocystis jirovecii (PCP). In early 1990s, there were several reports linking hyponatremia and HIV disease. It was found that these patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) had abnormal adrenal cortical function. Additionally, these patients showed an abnormally elevated baseline cortisol level and a blunted response to cosyntropin.

CASE REPORT: Here, we present the case of an HIV patient presenting with hyponatremia and a physical examination suggestive of hypovolemia. Laboratory tests revealed urinary loss of sodium in the setting of normal serum cortisol level. The patient responded well to the administration of a mineralocorticoid hormone.

CONCLUSIONS: Glucocorticoid resistance is an unusual cause of hyponatremia, and needs to be identified and treated accordingly.

Keywords: HIV, Diagnosis, Differential, HIV Infections - complications, Hyponatremia - metabolism, Inappropriate ADH Syndrome - metabolism, Sodium - metabolism, young adult

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American Journal of Case Reports eISSN: 1941-5923
American Journal of Case Reports eISSN: 1941-5923