Figure 3 Persistent hematuria after the right percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). (A, B) Anterior inferior artery pseudoaneurysm (PA) and renal arteriovenous fistula (RAVF). Digital subtraction angiography and volume rendering showed blood supply artery and drainage vein; (C) The flow velocity of AVF was judged by superselective arteriography; (D) postembolized by the coil and 300 μm polyvinyl alcohol. The PA and RAVF disappeared and the embolization volume was about 15%.